Guillain-Barré syndrome

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Guillain-Barré syndrome

Recently, more than 100 cases of Guillain-Barré syndrome have been reported in Pune, Maharashtra. The syndrome is named after the French neurologists Georges Guillian and Jean Alexandre Barré, who together with French physician André Strohl, identified it in 1916. In this condition, the body’s immune system attacks the nervous system.

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Symptoms of Guillain-Barré syndrome-

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) causes weakness in the upper and lower limbs, neck, face and eyes as well as tingling or numbness, trouble walking, swallowing, or breathing in severe instances. Involvement of the muscles that control the bladder and anus is unusual. The weakness can take from a half-day to more than two weaks to reach its peak before becoming stable or plateau phase. This plateau phase can take between two days and six months, but the most common duration is a week.

Causes of GBS-

The exact cause of GBS remains unknown, but it often follows a triggering event, such as:

  • Infections: Viral or bacterial infections like Campylobacter jejuni (a common cause of food poisoning), influenza or Zika virus.
  • Vaccinations: In very rare cases, GBS can develop after certain vaccinations.
  • Surgery or trauma: These can occasionally act as triggers.
  • Genetic predisposition: Though rare, a family history of autoimmune diseases may increase the risk.

The outbreak in Pune has been linked to an increase in certain viral infections, underscoring the importance of timely diagnosis and treatment. Pune officials are surveying residences in the impacted areas, collecting water samples, and conducting interviews with people.

Treatment-

While there is no specific cure for GBS, effective treatments can help manage symptoms and reduce recovery time. These include:

  • Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG): Administered to block harmful antibodies.
  • Plasmapheresis: A process that removes antibodies from the blood.
  • Supportive care: Includes respiratory support and physical therapy to aid recovery.

Recovery times for GBS vary; most patients regain mobility and strength within weeks to months, although some may continue to experience lingering symptoms.

Vaccines and Prevention-

There is currently no vaccine specifically for GBS. However, maintaining good overall health and reducing the possibility of infections can minimise the risk of developing GBS. Here are some preventive measures:

  • Good hygiene practices: Frequent handwashing to prevent infections.
  • Safe food consumption: Avoid undercooked or contaminated food to reduce the risk of Campylobacter infection.
  • Vaccinations: Staying updated on flu vaccines to prevent associated infections.
  • Prompt medical attention: Seeking care for infections or unusual symptoms without delay.

Conclusion-

Guillain-Barré Syndrome is a serious condition that requires prompt attention, but with early diagnosis and proper treatment, most individuals recover fully. Awareness campaigns are being run to educate people about the early symptoms and the importance of seeking immediate medical attention, which is necessary.